MP3 to M4A is bringing audio into the Apple ecosystem
MP3 plays everywhere, including in iTunes and Apple Music. So why convert? The reasons are narrow but real. iPhone ringtones require .m4r (which is just M4A renamed). The Apple Music app handles M4A metadata more cleanly than MP3 ID3 tags. Audiobook chapter markers only work in M4B (another M4A variant). And some Apple-ecosystem workflows (Sidecar, Continuity, AirDrop) feel more native with M4A.
What you actually gain in the conversion
Better tagging in Apple Music. iTunes-style metadata fields (sort artist, sort album, compilation flag) that MP3 ID3 handles awkwardly. Native Apple ecosystem feel: the file looks like a first-class Apple Music item, not an imported stranger. Album artwork tends to survive better in M4A than in MP3 when shared between Apple devices.
What you do not gain: audio quality
MP3 to AAC (the codec inside M4A) is a lossy-to-lossy re-encode. The AAC output cannot be better than the MP3 it came from. Going through two lossy codecs adds a small quality loss compared to the original MP3. At 128 kbps each, the loss is inaudible on consumer playback. For audiophile sources, do not chain lossy formats; keep one canonical lossless master and encode lossy versions from it.
The ringtone case (.m4r)
iPhone ringtones must be M4A under 40 seconds, renamed to .m4r. The workflow: convert MP3 to M4A here, open in QuickTime, trim to under 40 seconds, save, rename the .m4a extension to .m4r in Finder, drag the .m4r into the Finder iPhone sidebar (or the iPhone app on newer macOS). Without the M4A conversion step, none of this works because iPhone ringtones do not accept MP3.
The audiobook case (.m4b)
M4B is M4A with chapter markers, used for audiobooks in Apple Books. If you have a long-form recording you want as an audiobook with chapters, the workflow is: convert MP3 to M4A here, then use an audiobook tool (M4B Tool, Audiobook Binder on Mac) to add chapter markers and rename to .m4b. The MP3 to M4A step is the foundation; the chapter markers are added on top.